Mitundu ndi magulu a kukoma ndi fungo la chakudya

1. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukoma ndi fungo la chakudya
Gawo la kukoma kwa chakudya ndi laling'ono kwambiri, koma liyenera kuchita kuwunika kwa chitetezo ndi thanzi, ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha litakwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo oyenera azaumoyo. Pali mitundu yambiri ya kukoma kwa chakudya, yogawidwa kukhala yolimba ndi yamadzimadzi malinga ndi mtundu wa mlingo. Kukoma kolimba kumakhala ndi kukoma kwa microcapsule ndi zina zotero. Kukoma kwamadzimadzi kumatha kugawidwa kukhala kukoma kosungunuka m'madzi, kukoma kosungunuka m'mafuta ndi kukoma kosungunuka. Kuphatikiza apo, kumathanso kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi kukoma ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kukoma kwa microcapsule kumapangidwa ndi zokometsera ndi zophimba (monga starch yosinthidwa, ndi zina zotero) kudzera mu emulsification ndi spray drying, zomwe zimakhala ndi makhalidwe oletsa kutayika kwa okosijeni ndi volatilization, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka powonjezera kukoma ku zakumwa zolimba ndi zokometsera. Essence yosungunuka m'madzi imapangidwa ndi madzi osungunuka kapena ethanol ngati zonunkhira zosungunuka komanso zodyedwa, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi zokometsera zina. Kukoma kosungunuka m'mafuta kumapangidwa posakaniza propylene glycol ndi kukoma kwa chakudya, ndi zina zotero, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekemera maswiti ndi makeke. Essence yosungunuka ndi gawo la mafuta lopangidwa ndi kukoma kwa chakudya, mafuta a chakudya, zowongolera mphamvu yokoka, ma antioxidants, zosungira, ndi zina zotero, ndi gawo la madzi lopangidwa ndi emulsifiers, colorants, preservatives, thickeners, sour agents ndi madzi osungunuka, ndi zina zotero, zopangidwa ndi emulsification ndi homogenization ya kuthamanga kwambiri, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi zakumwa zozizira, kuwonjezera kukoma, utoto kapena turbidity.

2. Magulu a kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa chakudya
Kukoma kwa chakudya ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani azakudya. Mu zowonjezera chakudya ndi thupi lake, pali mitundu yoposa chikwi. Mitundu ya zokometsera imatha kugawidwa m'magulu awa:
(1) Kukoma kwachilengedwe. Ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chochokera ku zomera ndi nyama zachilengedwe (zokometsera) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi. Nthawi zambiri, zonyamula fungo lachilengedwe zimatha kupezeka kuchokera ku zipatso, ziwalo za nyama, masamba, tiyi ndi mbewu. Njira zochotsera ndi kuchotsa, kusungunula ndi kusakaniza. Chotsitsa cha vanila, chotsitsa cha koko, chotsitsa cha sitiroberi ndi zina zotero zimatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera. Mafuta a peppermint, mafuta a fennel, mafuta a sinamoni (osmanthus), mafuta a eucalyptus amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito kusungunula. Mafuta a lalanje, mafuta a mandimu ndi mafuta a citrus amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito kusungunula. Kusakaniza madzi a apulo, kusakaniza kwa mango, kusakaniza madzi a lalanje ndi zina zotero kumatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunula. Pali zinthu zopangira zoposa 5,000 zomwe zimatha kutulutsa kukoma kwa chakudya padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zoposa 1,500 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
(2) Kukoma kwachilengedwe. Mtundu uwu wa kukoma umapezeka mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe kapena kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwezo zomwezo.
(3) Kukoma kopangidwa. Kumapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ndi njira zina zamankhwala ndipo sikunatsimikizidwe kuti mamolekyu achilengedwe a mankhwalawo ndi opangidwa. Ngati amapezeka m'chilengedwe ndipo akulamulira mamolekyu omwewo a mankhwala, ndi ofanana ndi kukoma kwachilengedwe. Bola ngati pali zinthu zopangira mu essence ndi zopangidwa, ndiko kuti, essence yopangidwa.
⑷ Kukoma kokonzedwa ndi njira ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka ndi kuwiritsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kuchitapo kanthu kwa enzyme.
(5) Reactive essence. Mtundu uwu wa kukoma umachokera ku Maillard reaction ya kutentha mapuloteni ndi kuchepetsa shuga, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyama, chokoleti, khofi, ndi fungo la chimanga.

Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'gulu la kukoma, kukoma kwa chakudya kumaphatikizapo: kukoma kwa madzi (kosungunuka m'madzi, kosungunuka m'mafuta, kosungunuka), komwe zinthu zonunkhiritsa zimakhala 10%-20%, zosungunulira (madzi, propylene glycol, ndi zina zotero) zimakhala 80%-90%; Kukoma kwa emulsion, kuphatikizapo zosungunulira, emulsifier, guluu, stabilizer, pigment, acid ndi antioxidant, 80%--90%; Kukoma kwa ufa, komwe zinthu zonunkhiritsa zimakhala 10%-20%, chonyamuliracho chimakhala 80%-90%.

Kukula kwa kukoma kwa ufa kumachitika mwachangu, ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana mu zakumwa, zokhwasula-khwasula, zophikidwa ndi zina zotero. Pali mitundu itatu ya kukoma kwa ufa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
(1) Kukoma kwa ufa monga kusakaniza: zinthu zingapo zokometsera ufa zimasakanizidwa, monga ufa wa zonunkhira zisanu, ufa wa curry, ndi zina zotero; Fungo lalikululi limachokera ku zonunkhira zachilengedwe za zomera, komanso pokonza zokometsera za nyama; Ufa wa vanila, vanila, ndi zina zotero, ndi zokometsera za ufa monga kusakaniza.
(2) Kukoma kwa ufa mu mawonekedwe a kulowetsedwa: chinthucho chimalowetsedwa kwambiri pamwamba pa chonyamulira, ndipo kapangidwe ka kukoma kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kosasinthasintha; Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukoma kwa nyama makamaka ndi ufa mu mawonekedwe a kulowetsedwa.
(3) Mtundu wa utoto wa ufa wa microcapsule ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani azakudya masiku ano.
Kukoma kwa microgelatinization ndi njira yapadera yopangira, kupatula, kusunga, kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono komanso kuyeretsa kukoma kwa madzi, cholinga chake chachikulu ndikusunga kukoma koyambirira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikusunga bwino kukoma kuti kupewe kuwonongeka kwa kukoma komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi zina.
Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ufa wina uliwonse womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azakudya. Mwachidule, izi ndi izi: kupanga zakumwa zolimba nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito njira yopopera, njira yowumitsira vacuum ndi njira yowiritsa yowumitsira, njira yopangira imagwiritsa ntchito kukoma kwamadzimadzi, imafunika kutenthedwa kuti ichotse chosungunulira, kukoma kwa chinthucho kudzakhudzidwa.

Njira yosakanizira ufa wouma imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakumwa cholimba. Pakupanga, zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana za ufa zimasakanizidwa mwachindunji ndi ufa wa microgel, popanda kutentha, ndipo kukoma kwa chinthucho sikunasinthe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kukoma kwa ufa wa microgel granule pa zakumwa zolimba ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kosavuta kusakaniza mofanana, sikuwonjezera kutentha kwa zinthu zokometsera, zinthu zimasunga mawonekedwe a ufa woyambirira, ndipo sizisintha mtundu wa zinthu zoyera zokhala ndi shuga.
Popeza zinthu zonunkhiritsa zimakhala mu kapisozi, kutayika kwa volatilization kumalepheretsedwa, motero nthawi yosungira imawonjezeka. Zinthu zonunkhiritsa zimalekanitsidwa ndi malo ozungulira kuti zisawonongeke kukoma chifukwa cha zinthu monga okosijeni, motero zimakulitsa kwambiri nthawi yosungiramo chinthucho. Kugwiritsa ntchito kukoma kwamadzimadzi sikophweka, sikophweka kusakaniza mofanana, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi muzinthu zonunkhiritsa, kotero kuti chinthucho chikhale chosavuta kupanga chophikira, muzinthu zoyera za shuga zidzasanduka zachikasu pang'onopang'ono, kukoma kumatha kuwonjezeredwa pamwamba, kumawonekera pamalopo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha mwachangu, kusunga nthawi ya fungo ndi yochepa, malo akuluakulu okoma amakhudzana ndi mpweya, amatha kukhudzidwa ndi okosijeni, amalimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa kukoma, nthawi yochepa yosungira.