Zokometsera ndi Zonunkhira mu zodzoladzola

Zokometsera zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala amodzi kapena angapo achilengedwe okhala ndi fungo, m'mamolekyu awa achilengedwe muli magulu enaake a zonunkhira. Amaphatikizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa molekyulu, kotero kuti zokometsera zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fungo ndi fungo.

Kulemera kwa mamolekyu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 26 ndi 300, kumasungunuka m'madzi, ethanol kapena zinthu zina zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Molekyu iyenera kukhala ndi gulu la atomiki monga 0H, -co -, -NH, ndi -SH, lomwe limatchedwa gulu la aromatic kapena gulu la aromatic. Magulu a tsitsi amenewa amachititsa kuti fungo lipange zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapatsa anthu malingaliro osiyanasiyana a zofukiza.

Kugawa Zokometsera

Malinga ndi gwero, kukoma kwachilengedwe kungagawidwe m'makomedwe achilengedwe ndi zokometsera zopangidwa. Kukoma kwachilengedwe kungagawidwe m'makomedwe achilengedwe a nyama ndi kukoma kwachilengedwe kwa zomera. Zokometsera zopangidwa zingagawidwe m'makomedwe opatukana, kupanga mankhwala ndi zokometsera zosakaniza, zokometsera zopangidwa zingagawidwe m'makomedwe opangidwa pang'ono ndi zokometsera zopangidwa kwathunthu.

Zokometsera Zachilengedwe

Zokometsera zachilengedwe zimatanthauza ziwalo zoyambirira ndi zosakonzedwa za nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji; Kapena zonunkhira zomwe zimachotsedwa kapena kukonzedwa mwa njira zakuthupi popanda kusintha kapangidwe kake koyambirira. Zokometsera zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo zokometsera zachilengedwe za nyama ndi zomera m'magulu awiri.

Zokometsera zachilengedwe za nyama

Mitundu ya zokometsera zachilengedwe za nyama ndi yochepa, makamaka chifukwa cha kutulutsa kapena kutulutsa nyama, pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri ya zokometsera za nyama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa ndi izi: musk, ambergris, civet furnish, castoran izi zokometsera zinayi za nyama.

Kukoma kwachilengedwe kwa zomera

Kukoma kwachilengedwe kwa zomera ndiye gwero lalikulu la kukoma kwachilengedwe, mitundu ya kukoma kwa zomera ndi yambiri, ndipo njira zochiritsira ndi zosiyanasiyana. Anthu apeza kuti pali mitundu yoposa 3600 ya zomera zonunkhira m'chilengedwe, monga timbewu ta mint, lavenda, peony, jasmine, cloves, ndi zina zotero, koma mitundu 400 yokha yogwiritsira ntchito bwino yomwe ilipo pakadali pano. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a terpenoids, magulu a aliphatic, magulu a aromatic ndi mankhwala a nayitrogeni ndi sulfure.

zokometsera zopangidwa

Kukoma kopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zinthu zopangira mankhwala. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 4000 mpaka 5000 ya zokometsera zopangidwa malinga ndi mabuku, ndipo mitundu pafupifupi 700 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mu njira yamakono yopangira kukoma, zokometsera zopangidwa ndi mankhwala zimakhala pafupifupi 85%.

Zosakaniza zonunkhira

Mafuta onunkhira ndi mankhwala okoma amodzi omwe amachotsedwa m'mafuta achilengedwe kapena m'thupi. Ali ndi kapangidwe kake kamodzi komanso kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyulu, koma ali ndi fungo limodzi, ndipo amafunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuta ena achilengedwe kapena opangidwa.

Kukoma kopanda kupanga

Kukoma kopangidwa ndi semisynthetic ndi mtundu wa zokometsera zopangidwa ndi mankhwala, zomwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kukoma kopangidwa ndi mankhwala. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 150 ya zonunkhira zopangidwa ndi semisynthetic yakhala ikukula m'mafakitale.

Zokometsera zopangidwa kwathunthu

Zokometsera zopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zopangira mankhwala a petrochemical kapena malasha ngati zinthu zoyambira zopangira. Ndi "zinthu zopangira" zopangidwa motsatira njira yokhazikika yopangira. Pali mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya zokometsera zopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pali mitundu yoposa 1,400 ya zokometsera zopangidwa zomwe zimaloledwa ku China, ndi mitundu yoposa 400 ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Kusakaniza kukoma

Kusakaniza kumatanthauza kusakaniza kwa zokometsera zingapo kapena zambiri zopangidwa (zachilengedwe, zopangidwa ndi zonunkhira zodzipatula) ndi fungo kapena fungo linalake lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji pa kukoma kwa chinthu, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti essence.

Malinga ndi ntchito ya kukoma posakaniza, ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo asanu: chinthu chachikulu chopangira fungo, ndi chinthu chopangira fungo, chosinthira, chinthu chopangira fungo lokhazikika ndi chinthu chopangira fungo. Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo atatu: fungo la mutu, fungo la thupi ndi fungo loyambira malinga ndi kusinthasintha kwa kukoma ndi nthawi yosungira.

Kugawa fungo

Poucher adasindikiza njira yogawa fungo malinga ndi kusinthasintha kwa fungo lawo. Adayesa fungo lachilengedwe ndi lopangidwa ndi zinthu zina 330, kuzigawa m'magulu a fungo loyamba, la thupi ndi loyamba kutengera nthawi yomwe adakhala papepala.

Poucher imagawa coefficient ya "1" kwa iwo omwe fungo lawo limatayika pasanathe tsiku limodzi, "2" kwa iwo omwe fungo lawo limatayika pasanathe masiku awiri, ndi zina zotero mpaka "100", pambuyo pake silimayikidwanso mu giredi. Amagawa 1 mpaka 14 ngati fungo la mutu 15 mpaka 60 ngati fungo la thupi ndi 62 mpaka 100 ngati fungo loyambira kapena fungo lokhazikika.